The amount of plastic found in this area, known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, is 'increasing exponentially,' according to the surveyors, who used two planes and 18 boats to assess the ocean pollution. Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a zone in the Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and California that has a high concentration of plastic waste. The extent of the patch has been compared to the U.S. State of Texas or Alaska or even to the country of Afghanistan.
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An enormous area of rubbish floating in the Pacific Ocean is teeming with far more debris than previously thought, heightening alarm that the world’s oceans are being increasingly choked by trillions of pieces of plastic.
The sprawling patch of detritus – spanning 1.6m sq km, (617,763 sq miles) more than twice the size of France – contains at least 79,000 tons of plastic, new research published in Scientific Reports has found. This mass of waste is up to 16 times larger than previous estimates and provides a sobering challenge to a team that will start an ambitious attempt to clean up the vast swath of the Pacific this summer.
The analysis, conducted by boat and air surveys taken over two years, found that pollution in the so-called Great Pacific garbage patch is almost exclusively plastic and is “increasing exponentially”. Microplastics, measuring less than 0.5cm (0.2in), make up the bulk of the estimated 1.8tn pieces floating in the garbage patch, which is kept in rough formation by a swirling ocean gyre.
While tiny fragments of plastic are the most numerous, nearly half of the weight of rubbish is composed of discarded fishing nets. Other items spotted in the stew of plastic include bottles, plates, buoys, ropes and even a toilet seat.
“I’ve been doing this research for a while, but it was depressing to see,” said Laurent Lebreton, an oceanographer and lead author of the study. Lebreton works for the Ocean Cleanup, a Dutch-based non-profit that is aiming to tackle the garbage patch.
“There were things you just wondered how they made it into the ocean. There’s clearly an increasing influx of plastic into the garbage patch.
Great Pacific Garbage Patch Document…
“We need a coordinated international effort to rethink and redesign the way we use plastics. The numbers speak for themselves. Things are getting worse and we need to act now.”
Plastic has proven a usefully durable and versatile product but has become a major environmental blight, tainting drinking water and rivers. Around 8m tons of plastic ends up in the oceans every year, where it washes up on beaches or drifts out to sea where the pieces very slowly break down over hundreds of years.
Larger pieces of plastic pollution can entangle and kill marine creatures, while tiny fragments are eaten by small fish and find their way up the food chain. Plastic often attracts toxic pollutants that are then ingested and spread by marine life. It’s estimated there will be more waste plastic in the sea than fish by the year 2050.
Much of the plastic waste accumulates in five circular ocean currents – known as gyres – found around the globe. The Ocean Cleanup has pledged a “moonshot” effort to clean up half of the Great Pacific garbage patch within five years and mop up the other rubbish-strewn gyres by 2040.
The organization is developing a system of large floating barriers with underwater screens that capture and concentrate plastics into one area ready to be scooped out of the ocean. A prototype, to be launched from San Francisco this summer with the aim of spawning a clutch of devices each of which can collect five tons of waste a month, will, if successful, be followed by dozens of other boom-like systems measuring up to 2km (1.2 miles) long.
The project comes with caveats, however – its system will not catch the proliferation of microplastics measuring under 10 millimeters (0.39in) and the whole operation will require further funding from next year. Any successful clean-up may also be overwhelmed by a global surge in plastic production – a recent UK government report warned the amount of plastic in the ocean could treble within the next decade.
“There is a big mine of microplastics there coming from larger stuff that’s crumbling down, so we need to get in there quickly to clean it up,” said Joost Dubois, a spokesman for the Ocean Cleanup.
“But we also need to prevent plastic getting into the ocean in the first place. If we don’t manage the influx of plastics we will be the garbagemen of the ocean forever, which isn’t our ambition.”
The problem of plastic pollution is gaining traction in diplomatic circles, with nearly 200 countries signing on to a UN resolution last year that aims to stem the flood of plastic into the oceans. However, the agreement has no timetable and is not legally binding.
Dr Clare Steele, a California-based marine ecologist who was not involved in the research, said the study provided “great progress” in understanding the composition of the Great Pacific garbage patch.
But she regretted that while removing larger items, such as ghost fishing nets, would help wildlife, the clean-up would not deal with the colossal amount of microplastic.
“Those plankton-sized pieces of plastic are pretty difficult to clean up,” she said. “The only way is to address the source and that will require a radical shift on how we use materials, particularly single-use plastic such as cutlery, straws and bottles that are so durable.
“We need to reduce waste and come up with new, biodegradable alternatives to plastic. But one of the easiest steps is changing the way we use and discard the more ephemeral plastic products.”
An attempt to locate millions of tons of “missing” plastic in the world’s oceans has thrown up two locations that may contain enormous, previously unreported patches of debris.
Plastic has risen to the top of the environmental agenda after scientists sounded the alarm about the potential impact it as having on marine life.
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Best estimates suggest 10 million tons of plastic are dumped in the sea every year.
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Images of turtles and whales choking or becoming tangled in this debris cemented the issue in the public conversation, as did discussion of the “Great Pacific garbage patch” where ocean currents cause the world’s plastic to accumulate.
In reality the Pacific patch is one of at least five major accumulation zones, with others located in coastal regions around the Mediterranean and in Southeast Asia.
Much attention has focus on the plastic floating on the surface, but this accounts for less than 1 per cent of the total plastic thought to be in ocean.
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch Facts
To trace the likely fate of the remaining 99 per cent, scientists at Newcastle University used computer models and identified two likely locations for accumulation zones that had previously slipped under the radar Bureau of internal revenue vat relief program.
The Gulf of Guinea region and the East Siberian Sea may be hosting large quantities of plastic that cannot be easily viewed from the water surface, as up to 70 per cent of plastic debris is thought to sink and remain on the sea floor.
“There's a need to find the unaccounted for plastic in the ocean mainly because if we don't know the extent of the problem, then there's no way of knowing the potential implications it has,” explained Alethea Mountford, a PhD Student at Newcastle University who led the study.
“Once the plastics reach the water column, the greatest impact would be on marine organisms through ingestion and entanglement,” she said.
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“Plastics that reach the seafloor can be ingested by bottom-dwelling organisms, and may have other implications with the seafloor ecosystem itself, for example through inhibition of gas exchange leading to a lack of oxygen within the sediments.” Ultraman fighting evolution 3 iso ps2.
These results are being presented at Challenger Conference in Newcastle on Thursday.
Professor Richard Thompson, a researcher at the University of Plymouth who has pioneered research into microplastic pollution, said the study was “really interesting piece of work”.
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However, he noted that proper exploration would be required to confirm the presence of the new “garbage patches”.
“Nonetheless it’s a very interesting study and helps take us forward helping prioritise where we should focus on fields sampling,” he said.
Ms Mountford agreed that the next priority would be to confirm their predictions by sampling the sea floor and the very deepest parts of the ocean to search for large plastic accumulations.
While talk of “garbage patches” conjures images of enormous plastic islands, the reality is that many of the fragments found in these areas are tiny, meaning proper scientific surveys are necessary to understand their extent.
“It may seem as though once we can't identify or find the plastics, they don't matter,” said Ms Mountford.
“But these substantial quantities will continue to be harmful even when they are no longer at the sea surface, and will continue to break down into smaller and more difficult to clean up fragments.”